Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure programmed increased expression of inflammatory markers and enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of adipose tissue. The Hn3 diet increased Ppard expression and reduced adipocyte size in all offspring (both P < 0.05) irrespective of prenatal treatment. Offspring of dexamethasone-treated mothers had increased adipose expression of Gr ( P = 0.008) and Ppara ( P < 0.05) regardless of sex or postnatal diet, while 11bHsd1 was upregulated in males only. Prenatal dexamethasone also programmed increased adipose expression of Il6, Il1b (both P < 0.05) and Tnfa ( P < 0.001) mRNAs regardless of fetal sex, but again this effect was prevented (for Il6 and Il1b) by Hn3 consumption. Serum total fatty acid levels were elevated ( P < 0.01) in male offspring of dexamethasone-treated mothers, an effect prevented by Hn3 consumption. Serum was analysed for blood lipids and fatty acid profiles, adipocyte cross sectional area was measured by unbiased stereological analysis and adipose expression of markers of inflammation, glucocorticoid sensitivity and lipid metabolism were determined by RT-qPCR analysis. Offspring remained on these diets post-weaning, and serum and retroperitoneal fat were obtained at 6 months of age (n = 5-8 per group). Offspring of control and dexamethasone-treated mothers (0.75 μg/ml in drinking water, day 13 to term) were cross-fostered to mothers on a standard (Std) or high n-3 (Hn3) diet at birth. Here we tested whether prenatal glucocorticoid excess also programmed the adipose tissue phenotype, and whether this outcome is rescued by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Previously we demonstrated that adult offspring of dexamethasone-treated mothers had elevated plasma insulin and pro-inflammatory cytokines, effects prevented by a postnatal diet enriched with omega (n)-3 fatty acids. In eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa), the patient does not eat enough food to maintain their adipose tissues levels. This means that they can lose a dangerous amount of body weight.Adverse fetal environments predispose offspring to pathologies associated with the metabolic syndrome. Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes as it causes the body to become resistant to insulin. This resistance results in high levels of blood sugar, which is bad for health. Obesity also increases the chance of developing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and an increased tendency for blood to clot. All of these raise the risk of heart attacks and stroke.Ī lack of adipose tissue ( lipodystrophy) can also cause similar problems and is seen with increasing frequency as a result of medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. Obesity leads to a number of serious health problems.
![adipose tissue stereology adipose tissue stereology](https://www.scielo.cl/img/revistas/ijmorphol/v39n6//0717-9502-ijmorphol-39-06-1521-gf4.jpg)
![adipose tissue stereology adipose tissue stereology](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1063458413007371-gr4.jpg)
ADIPOSE TISSUE STEREOLOGY ACTIVATOR
![adipose tissue stereology adipose tissue stereology](https://www.bioind.com/media/wysiwyg/product/MSCgo/1_AT.jpg)
More recently, the endocrine function of adipose tissue has been discovered. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains numerous other cells that are able to produce certain hormones in response to signals from the rest of the organs throughout the body. Through the actions of these hormones, adipose tissue plays an important role in the regulation of glucose, cholesterol and the metabolism of sex hormones. It is well established that adipocytes (or fat cells) play a vital role in the storage and release of energy throughout the human body. What does adipose tissue do?Īdipose tissue is now known to be a very important and active endocrine organ.
ADIPOSE TISSUE STEREOLOGY SKIN
It is found all over the body. It can be found under the skin (subcutaneous fat), packed around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, within bone marrow and in breast tissue. Men tend to store more visceral fat (fat around their internal organs), leading to obesity around the middle of their abdomen. However, women tend to store more subcutaneous fat within the buttocks and thighs. These differences are due to the sex hormones produced by males and females.
![adipose tissue stereology adipose tissue stereology](https://www.guwsmedical.info/power-objective/images/4536_15_26-microscope-adipose-tissue.png)
Fat body fat Where is my adipose tissue?Īdipose tissue is commonly known as body fat.